How To Create A Research Paper Outline - A Complete Guide

Stuck with your research paper outline? Looking for some help? Here, you will find all the information that you need to make a great and strong research paper outline. Quick Links 1. What is a Research Paper Outline? 2. How to Write a Research Paper Outline? 2.1 Title page 2.2 Abstract 2.3 Introduction 2.4 Thesis Statement 2.5 Body Paragraphs 2.5.1 Literature Review 2.5.2 Significance of the Study 2.5.3 Research Methodology 2.5.4 Research Findings and Analysis 2.5.5 Limitations of the Research 2.6 Conclusion 2.7 References 2.8 Bibliography 3. Research Paper Outline Template 1. What is a Research Paper Outline? A research paper outline is created to structure the main ideas and to add them into the paper in a cohesive manner. It is essential for a good research paper. Essays and other assignments also involve writing and research. But, an assignment entirely dedicated to facts, research and evaluation is somewhat different and needs high level of research and writing skills. Researching is only half of the work done, the other half is about how you present those facts and material. Therefore, if your writing skills are poor, you need help. Besides outline, your research topic is also vital for a strong research paper. A good research topic is wide, impressive and engaging and once you choose from this list of good research topics, you are good to start the work. Coming back to the research paper outline, a good and detailed outline is the base for a great research paper. It aids the process of writing and helps you stay focused and in line with the main topic. So, for an impressive and good research paper, you need to have a good outline. 2. How to Write a Research Paper Outline? The bigger question is how to create a strong research paper outline. But don't worry, we know what bothers you and we are here to help you. Being a top writing assistance company, we know what problems students face and this is why we know what you want. Below, we have discussed some core sections to add when writing an outline. Make sure that you do not miss any of them when working on your papers outline. And use roman numerals for sub-sections. To help you understand better about how to create an outline, we will also add a sample research paper template at the end. So stay with us. 2.1 Title Page The title page is the first part of a research paper. It includes the students name, the name of the institute and the topic of the research. All the information should be centralized and in 12 pt. Times New Roman format. Usually, the paper format is APA but, in case your teacher has specified some other formatting style, follow it. 2.2 Abstract An abstract is a short form of summary. It is brief and revolves around the main idea and research question of the paper. However, when writing a research paper abstract, be careful that you do not give away too much of the information. Explain the main idea and inform the reader about the findings and research results. Adding some background information and connecting it with the main research topic is a good idea to create a solid abstract. 2.3 Introduction The introduction presents the statement of the problem, definition of the core terms and the main ideas of the research. A strong introduction is key to a strong and impressive research paper. Start the introduction with a hook sentence and engage the reader. Moving forward, mention the reasons why you chose the topic and how will you conduct your research. An introductory paragraph will introduce your main question and the main concepts that you are going to discuss in the main body paragraphs. Still, just like with the abstract, you have to be careful that you do not add all the main details here. Just elaborate the background of the research question, your literature review, findings and the main reasons that make this research significant. 2.4 Thesis Statement It is written after the introduction and is the essence of the entire research paper. Write your thesis statement to give a clear idea about your research question. A thesis statement is brief, usually a few lines, and tells the readers about the main research findings. Here are a few examples that will help write a thesis statement for your research paper. However, keep it brief and, in the case of scientific research, present your hypothesis here. 2.5 Body Paragraphs The main body is the largest of your research paper. It occupies more than half of your papers length and includes all the main ideas, arguments, background, your research and its findings. To present relevant and structured information, the main body section follows a set pattern: 2.5.1 Literature Review The literature review is submitted with the research proposal. Your research question and the main ideas that you will discuss in your research are the main parts of your research. You can start your research after your proposal is accepted. The literature review presents the previous relevant studies regarding the research topic and main question. It discusses notable and prominent studies and research and compare it with the topic of the paper. Research credible sources for relevant information. Discuss your point of view and the study that is relevant to it. Usually, it includes a number of studies and it depends on your topic. But on a general note, the more the better. 2.5.2 Significance of the Study Mention and discuss the significance of your research. Why your research is significance? Why your research was necessary? What were the shortcomings of the previous research? And other questions like these. Discuss them and talk about the reasons that make your research important and necessary. 2.5.3 Research Methodology Every research follows a method. In scientific studies, students usually use quantitative type of research while the students studying humanities use qualitative research techniques. Based on your field of study, select and explain the methodology that you are going to use for your research. 2.5.4 Research Findings and Analysis The analysis section will mention and explain the strongest arguments of the research and their findings. However, do not try to explain and add everything together. Decide the order in which you will present your ideas and stick to it. Generally, the following structure is followed. First main Idea of the paper Background information Your main claims and arguments Supporting major points A closure Second main idea of the paper Background information Your main claims and arguments Supporting major points A closure Third main idea of the paper Background information Your main claims and arguments Supporting major points A closure You can add as many ideas as necessary but keep everything relevant and structured. 2.5.5 Limitations of the Research Add and discuss the limitations of your research. In the case of humanities, the limitations could be the lack of relevant data and research. For scientific research, the limitations include the ethical concerns, lack of financial and research resources and time constraints. 2.6 Conclusion Conclusion is the final part of your research. It concludes the entire research and presents your research findings. Some students think that they can add a new idea here and discuss it briefly, which is wrong. A conclusion is your papers closure not a place to open discussion on new ideas. For a strong impact, support your thesis statement and mention whether your research findings were according to your hypothesis. 2.7 References The references list includes all the works and studies that you have used in your research paper. Make sure that it has every work that you have cited and included in your paper. Follow the given formatting style and indentation guidelines. 2.8 Bibliography A bibliography will include every study and book that you have consulted for your research. No matter you have cited it in your research or not, it will be added here. 3. Research Paper Outline Template To help you understand further, we have added two samples of the research paper outline template. One is for a simple literary research paper and the other is for a scientific research paper. If you need help to create a good research paper outline then we are here for you. 5StarEssays is a professional essay writing service that specializes in offering quality research paper and academic writing help for you. To know more or to place an order, talk to our support team.

buy custom Education by Paulo Freire essay

buy custom Education by Paulo Freire essay Most education systems set the learner as an empty tank to be filled by the teacher. Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educationalist, drew on this system of education and thought about progressive educational practices and liberation. In 1994, Gibson Richard of Pennsylvania State University conducted research into Freires liberation theory in education settings. Gibson found out that social justice could only be imposed through liberation, critical consciousness, reading the world and the word and finally comprehension of surroundings. Gibson states that literacy is the key to overcome irrationality and subordinate groups are bound to engage in political activities, and the result will be changes in governance structures. Servaes Jan conducted an undated research on participatory communication from a Freirean approach. Jan discovered that authentic participation helps in addressing issues that relate to democracy. This method involves dialogue, access to ideas, and self-management. In a dem ocratic process, the key aspects of democratic communication should be embraced. In this research, access refers to the use of mainstream media to serve the public while participation involves self-management in public participation. The outcome of participatory communication is empowerment of every citizen in the community and the fruits are the formation of an egalitarian society. According to Freires Pedagogy, the role of the learner and the teacher are usually alternated and a common ground of searching for the truth is established (Freire Macedo, 1987). In 1997, Bandura studied on learning models in the conventional classroom. He posited that students attribute their failures or successes to self-efficacy (Kember, 2002).). This approach is essential in promoting learning in a social setting, leads to social transformation and leads to conscientization among students. In the fall of 2002, Chuk Keung Wong and Jane Siu-Ching Wong conducted a research on forty three students at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Kember, 2002). The method used was based on Freires theory of interactive learning and the utilization of students experiences as fundamental themes in the learning system. The findings showed that self-determined subgroup projects proved to be very successful in forming an atmosphere where students are motivated within their interests. The students need to deliberate the aim of their projects aided them to develop consciousness about their computer structures that went past the learning skills. The Identified Gaps Nationalists like Mandela gained global authority with the exception that very few persons had seen his works. A difficult link has to be made while constructing a model of literacy, human consciousness, and liberation. A critical observation of Servaes ressearch is that there is no collective path to progress. Every community has different plans, culture, and resources in regards to its own situation. One major failure in Banduras study is that, there are several validated ways of learning apart from the conventional way. In addition to that, there are several kinds of intelligence. Wong and Chuks research had one major shortcoming in terms of uniform resource allocation. In a learning situation, there are students endowed with resources and those that lack resources. Other students prefer to be directed by the instructor in every step. Other students may not be satisfied with the approach because of its lack of structure. Areas Recommended for Further Research Studies should be conducted on the attributions and believes of students in learning. Research should be done to track the differences in learning methods across various classes. This research should use both natural and quantitative methods and may establish dissimilarities in learning across racial subgroups and gender. Selfish groups can enhance their own interests through participatory communication. Although Freire posited that participatory communication can enhance empowerment, activists may use that platform to increase levels of dependency among individuals. Researchers should look into ways that participatory research can lead to dependency rather than empowerment and vice versa. Buy custom Education by Paulo Freire essay

A.T. Kearney Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

A.T. Kearney - Case Study Example Kearney’s market reach to expand and overwhelming competition with the scale of services and expertise that the merger resulted to? If so, how? II. Summary of the facts A.T. Kearney was acquired by EDS (Electronic Data Systems). It is expected that with the merger of A.T. Kearney and EDS, clients could take advantage of a much broader range of services. In essence, it is expected that both companies could become a a â€Å"one-stop shop,† capable of servicing every client requirement. Both companies are expected to complement each other’s weaknesses and achieve a synergy that could be used as a leverage in the market. The combined capability of the two companies will enable them to offer end to end services in addition to the benefit of a larger market reach. Before the merger, A.T. Kearney was well known The firm was well known for its ability to deliver value and results throughout the management process, from strategy development to business and market analysis to operations, process, and technology transformation. This mix of strategy and operations, combined with a focus on implementation, had differentiated A. T Kearney from its competitors and driven the firm’s outstanding results for over a decade. A.T. ... Incidentally, the core business of A.T. Kearney is EDS waterloo. For years, EDS had been struggling to establish its MCS (Management Consultancy Service). EDS â€Å" Despite the ability to combine expertise and intellectual capital with the delivery capability of EDS, MCS was having difficulties getting off the ground† (pg. 5). Despite its size and capitalization, it registered a loss of $23 milllion in 1994. EDS just lacked the expertise to pursue MCS capability as an IT firm and lacked a clear positioning in the marketplace as a formidable â€Å"consulting† practitioner. This weakness in MCS prompted EDS to acquire A.T. Kearney for $600 million. III. Analysis Management consulting industry is a profitable industry. In 1994. It registered $40 worth of services of which $18 billion of these revenue were services related information technology (i.e., IT planning, IT strategy, strategic procurement of hardware and software solutions). Management consultancy industry was e xpected to grow faster than its other segment at an annual rate of up to 15 percent. Fred Steingraber suggested that total fees for the management consulting industry would double by the year 2000. The main reason for the tremendous growth in this sector can be attributed to the following reasons; Technology has been integrated into business strategy. Technology investments will increase. Corporations are embracing the philosophy of restructuring and reengineering. Senior management is becoming technology-literate as, across all industries, major corporations increasingly view themselves as â€Å"technology-oriented companies.† Senior management expresses satisfaction with return on technology investment, even in the absence of precise measurements. Given this data about this trend management

Globalization and HRM Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization and HRM Strategies - Assignment Example Technology is a critical tool in competition as it is essential in ensuring quality of goods and services. Though it means increase in production costs of the company, technology as a tool ensures increase in sales and product quality to meet the ever increasing/ growing consumer expectations and taste. Additionally, globalization has seen that a company like Sony improves greatly on its information and knowledge transfer which, much like technology is important in helping the company stay connected and informed of emerging customer preferences. Information therefore enables adaptation to trends and its quick and effective transmission has become vital in customer retention and growth hence. Different cultures of the world have very little effect and impact on Sony and unlike most other multinational corporations, Sony has managed to break the barriers of culture across the globe by producing a wide range of high quality, sophisticated and culturally acceptable goods and services. In addition, Sony’s policy of recruiting from any culture, age, gender and other such barriers puts it in a favorable position for worldwide appeal and acceptance. However, the financial and credit services offered by Sony, for example, may receive negative and little acceptance in other parts of the world. Islam, for instance, strictly forbids the use of usury. In such areas, the company may be viewed in bad light and rejected altogether. This is highly unlikely however as Sony offers a wide range of services and products and if one of them is found to be unpalatable in a certain culture, other products eventually override this ‘dislike’ altogether and firmly establishes Sony in the area. Just like cultures, labor markets are of very... This paper approves that different cultures of the world have very little effect and impact on Sony and unlike most other multinational corporations, Sony has managed to break the barriers of culture across the globe by producing a wide range of high quality, sophisticated and culturally acceptable goods and services. In addition, Sony’s policy of recruiting from any culture, age, gender and other such barriers puts it in a favorable position for worldwide appeal and acceptance. According to the paper the human resource department spends much time with the new recruits in bid to get them fully on board with the objectives and strategies of the company and is focused on universal standard employment offering superior working conditions and paying employees their locally relevant wages. Sony also offers management training to promising recruits. IHRM plays an important role in ensuring productivity of Sony. There are a series of undertakings that the IHRM could pursue to ensure improved productivity and competitiveness of Sony globally. Seminars that serve to enlighten employees further on consumer needs and improve service delivery could be brought on board. The paper comes to the conclusion that Problem solving groups are essential and swift solution of arising issues or any quarrels act to minimize employee infighting and the distractive and destructive office gossip thus creating the much needed and indispensable harmonious, smooth working environment.

The Pantheon Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Pantheon - Term Paper Example From the research "The Pantheon" it is clear that even though the traditional porch was a popular thing among the Romans, combining it with a giant rotunda resulted into a completely new and unique structure. Those visiting the building would approach it via a large courtyard referred to as forecourt. The forecourt was bordered by marble columns on each of its sides (DuTemple22). â€Å"At the far end, they would see the traditional porch with its carved stone columns† (DuTemple22). However, there was no clear view of the rotunda at the back of the porch. When approaching the building from the forecourt, the dome appeared to be large, but not particularly fundamental. The rotunda resembled a gigantic saucepan fitted with a lid on its top (DuTemple22). It is only after entering the porch that anyone could come into the reality of the beautiful sight inside the rotunda, which was â€Å"a perfect hemisphere, 142 feet (43 m), in diameter, curving upward from the top of a giant rou nd wall† (DuTemple22). After clearing the ground on which the building was to be built, the measurements of the building were done by Hadrian’s architects. The measurement was in circular form because it was easier to measure a circular building than a rectangular one. Because the place in which the Pantheon was to be built was near a river, which often flooded, the architects knew the only solution was to lay a strong foundation for the building. The strong foundation was very important owing to the massive weight that the dome of the Pantheon would exert on it.

Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID): Effects

Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID): Effects Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs are inhibitors of prostaglandin, they have several key therapeutic effects, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic (reduces fevers) and analgesic. NSAIDs prevent the synthesis of prostaglandins; theses are made from the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX) which supports inflammation, pain and fever, there are two cyclo-oxgenase COX-1 and COX-2. NSAIDs block the enzyme COX thus reducing the amount of prostaglandins and therefore reducing inflammation, pain and fevers. The main mechanism of action of NSAIDs is the inhibition of enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX). COX converts the fatty acid arachidonic acid into endoperoxide, prostaglandins and thromoxanes. The prostanoids have many physiological functions such as protecting the gastrointestinal tract, renal, homeostasis responses, platelet aggregation, contraction of uterine smooth muscle etc. There are two isoforms of COX, COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 produces prostaglandin that support platelets and protect the stomach therefore has the most adverse side effects. COX-2 is inducible and found is inflammatory conditions and some types of carcinoma. Some drugs only inhibit COX-2 which reduces adverse effects that are associated with COX-1, such as the irritation of the stomach lining. Prostaglandins have numerous tasks to play as mediators of inflammation. They enhance the action of histamine and other natural compounds causing vasodilatation and increasing vascular permeability to fluids. These two factors re sult in the symptoms of inflammation. As well prostaglandins they relay pain messages to the brain. This journal article supports my essay on NSAIDs  [i]  Salicylic acid and salicylates, obtained from natural sources, have long been used as medicaments. Salicylic acid was chemically synthesized in 1860 and was used as an antiseptic, an antipyretic, and an antirheumatic. Twenty-five years ago, it was proposed that the mechanism of action of NSAIDs was through their inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis. Since then, there has been general acceptance of the concept that these drugs work by inhibition of the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX), which we now know to have at least two distinct isoforms: the constitutive isoform, COX-1, and the inducible isoform, COX-2. COX-1 has clear physiologic functions. Its activation leads, for instance, to the production of prostacyclin, which when released by the endothelium is antithrombogenic and when released by the gastric mucosa is cytoprotective. COX-2, discovered 6 years ago, is induced by inflammatory stimuli and cytokines in migratory and other cells. It is therefore attractive to suggest that the anti-inflammatory actions of NSAIDs are due to inhibition of COX-2, whereas the unwanted side-effects, such as irritation of the stomach lining, are due to inhibition of COX-1. Drugs that have the highest COX-2 activity and a more favourable COX-2: COX-1 activity ratio will have a potent anti-inflammatory activity with fewer side-effects than drugs with a less favourable COX-2: COX-1 activity ratio. The identification of selective inhibitors of COX-2 will therefore lead to advances in therapy. NSAIDs are highly lipophilic substances, adsorption occurs through the gastrointestinal tract, as NSAIDs are weak acids they are less ionised in the gastric juices and therefore are absorbed by the mechanism of ionic or diffusion tapping. Most NSAIDs are given as oral tablets or capsules; others are given by injection to avoid gastric irritation. The main use of anti-inflammatory drugs is in the treatment of pain resulting from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory condition of connective tissue especially within the joint capsule; it may be described as an autoimmune disease, whereby the bodys own immune system starts to destroy the synovial membrane. This may lead a complete destruction of the joint. Osteoarthritis is due to a mechanical damage to the joint which leads to degeneration of the articular cartilage the hip joint is commonly affected. Prostaglandins are found in the hypothalamus are involved in raising the temperature of the body during infection, therefore NSAIDs are useful in inhibiting prostaglandins and reducing body temperature, this is called antipyretic . Most prostaglandin inhibitors are acidic drugs that can directly irritate the gastric mucosa. Prostaglandins in the stomach lead to a decrease in gastric secretions; therefore, inhibiting the synthesis of prosta glandins leads to an increase in sections which may lead to ulcers. Aspirin is an irreversible inhibitor of COX-1 but has adverse side an effect, most side effects of NSAIDs is related to their action on the gastrointestinal tract. In the stomach prostaglandins are normally involved in the protection of the gastric mucosa (lining of the stomach) against the corrosive actions of the gastric acid; prevention of prostaglandin synthesis by NSAIDs therefore remove this protection and make the stomach open to irritation and ulceration. NSAIDs themselves are irritant chemicals which have a direct effect on the gastric mucosa. Other Problems of NSAIDs such as aspirin have an effect the kidneys, because the role of prostaglandins in the maintenance of blood flow to the kidneys, NSAIDs often cause kidney damage and disorders of salt and fluid balance. This article shows the adverse effects and mechanism of NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal tract. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal (GI) injury NSAIDs injure the gut by causing topical injury to the mucosa and systemic effects associated with  mucosal prostaglandin depletion derived from COX-1. The systemic effects of NSAIDs appear to have  the predominant role. Because of that the use of enteric-coated aspirin preparations and parenteral or rectal administration of NSAIDs in order to prevent topical mucosal injury has failed to prevent the development of ulcers. Topical injury The acidic properties of most NSAIDs (included ASA) initiate mucosal damage. These weak acids remain in their non ionised lipophilic form in the highly acidic gastric environment. These conditions favour migration into surface epithelial cell, where NSAIDs are dissociated into the ionised form that traps hydrogen ions, inducing mucosal injury. Systemic effects NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), a key in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. There are two isoforms, COX 1 and COX 2. Traditional NSAIDs (tNSAIDs) and ASA inhibit both isoforms. Selective NSAIDs (COXIBs) spare COX 1 and primarily inhibit COX 2. COX 1 isoform is expressed in most tissues, producing prostaglandins that play an important protective role in the gut by stimulating the synthesis and secretion of mucus and bicarbonate, increasing mucosal blood flow and promoting epithelial proliferation. When NSAIDs inhibit this enzyme create a gastric environment that is more susceptible to topical attack by endogenous and exogenous factors. Besides, the inhibition of the COX 1 blocks platelet production of thromboxane, which increases bleeding when an active GI bleeding site is present .On the other hand, COX2 isoform is induced inmost tissues in response to inflammatory stimuli. Prostaglandins derived from COX-2 can be generated at the ulcer margin and appear to play an important ro le in ulcer healing through triggering the cell proliferation, promotion of angiogenesis and restoration of mucosal integrity .This isoform is the primary target for anti-inflammatory drugs. Therefore selective COX-2 NSAIDs while having little to no effect on COX-1 should result in effective pain relief with reduced adverse GI effects. This COX2 hypothesis has been challenged by data from animal studies. Wallace et al reported that inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 is required for NSAID-induced gastric injury in the rat. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) was first isolated in 1829 by Leroux from willow bark. It can cause irreversible inactivation of cyclo-oxygenase, acting on both COX-1 and COX-2. Aspirin has many pharmacologic effects for example it has antipyretic action it reduces fevers and is rapidly effective in febrile patients, yet has little effect on normal body temperature. It has many effects on the body; prostaglandin PGE2 is produced in the brain and causes the temperature regulatory centre in the hypothalamus to raise the body temperature, Aspirin inhibits PGE2 production so body temperature falls. Aspirin also has anti-inflammatory action, during inflammation, prostaglandin and other arachidonic acid are produced and contribute to the pain, swelling and tissue damage, and aspirin inhibits the production of arachidonic acid thus reducing inflammation. It is a very good anti-inflammatory effects it helps in condition for example the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The ability of aspirin to control pain occurs both through a peripheral and central action when aspirin inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins in inflamed tissue, and it prevents the prostaglandin from sensitising the nociceptors, by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis in the brain. Aspirin is also thought to also modify transmissions in the pain conducting pathways. Aspirin has other analgesic effects which is usually effective for low- to moderate-intensity pain. Integument pain is relieved better than the pain from hollow visceral areas. Relief of pain occurs through both peripheral and central mechanisms. In the peripherally, it inhibits the synthesis of PGs in inflamed tissues, thus preventing the sensitisation of pain receptors to both mechanical and chemical stimuli. Also in the centrally, the analgesic site exists in close proximity to the antipyretic region in the hypothalamus. Its analgesia action is not associated with mental alterations, such as hypnosis or changes in se nsation other than pain. EFFECTS OF ASPIRIN ON PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS Both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes are inhibited by aspirin, but not by opioids, acetaminophen, or tramadol. The active site of both enzymes appears to be at the end of a long, tubular channel in the molecule. Aspirin block arachidonates entrance to this channel (as seen in picture below). Aspirin does this by irreversibly acetylating a specific serine molecule (serine 530 for COX-1 and serine 516 for COX-2) When blocked by aspirin, COX-1 becomes completely inactive. COX-2, on the other hand, converts arachidonate to 15-R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-R-HETE). Neither enzyme is capable of producing prostaglandin H2, the necessary precursor of prostaglandin and thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin causes damage to the gastric mucosa partly by inhibiting the formulation of prostaglandins that protect stomach wall from gastric acids. Aspirin in addition has Gastrointestinal effects such as It can cause epigastric distress, nausea, and vomiting by irritating the gastric mucosal lining and stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the CNS. It may cause a dose-related gastric ulceration, bleeding, and erosive gastritis because of inhibiting the formation of PGE2, which inhibits gastric acid secretion and has a cytoprotective effect. Salicylates-induced gastric bleeding is painless and may lead to an iron deficiency anemia. Aspirin is used in restricted situation for the symptomatic relief of fever. Because of an increased incidence of Reyes syndrome in children who previously were given aspirin for the relief of viral fevers, it is now recommended that a child with any fever be given paracetamol instead, if medication is required. It is useful as analgesics for certain categories of pain, such as headache, arthritis, and dysmenorrhea. It remains the standard, first-line drug in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis, and can provide relief of symptoms in acute rheumatic fever. Some clinicians recommend small daily doses of aspirin for prophylaxis of thromboembolism, stroke, or myocardial infarction because of its antiplatelet activity. Some adverse effects of aspirin when uses in large repeated dosages are headache, mental confusion, lassitude, and drowsiness, tinnitus and difficulty in hearing, hyperthermia, sweating, thirst, hyperventilation, vomiting, and diarrhea. Contraindications Aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anticoagulants should be avoided in all patients with liver disease because of the risk of altering platelet function, causing gastric ulceration and bleeding. NSAIDs have also been implicated in precipitating renal dysfunction and vericeal bleeding in patients with end-stage liver disease. Although COX-2 inhibitors may cause a lower incidence of bleeding complication, currently they are avoided in patients with liver disease as their still pose a risk. Paracetamol is an analgesic agent. It does not have ant-inflammatory or anti-platelet activities, but it is a useful analgesic in febrile illnesses such as influenza. As paracetamol has no anti-inflammatory properties it does not inhibit prostaglandin thus have no affect on the gastric mucosa. As an analgesic, paracetamol is best taken on an empty stomach for fast action, as it gets absorbed faster. As it is not associated with Reyess syndrome, it is the preferred analgesic in the symptomatic treatment of children with viral infections. The mechanism of action of paracetamol is now thought to be via COX-3 inhibition. This enzyme is present in the brain and spinal cord and is selectively inhibited by paracetamol. Paracetamol has no action on COX-1 and COX-2, thus does not have any gastric side effects. The central action of paracetamol explains it antipyretic effects and its lack of other peripheral adverse effects associated with NSAIDs. Paracetamol has few adverse side effects as it is tolerated by the stomach because inhibition of prostaglandin in the periphery is weak; allergic reactions and skin rash sometimes occur. Heavy, long term daily use may predispose chronic renal disease.

Oil :: Free Essay Writer

Oil EPA Oil Spill Program Overview Welcome to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Oil Spill Program. This website provides information about the U.S. EPA's program for preventing, preparing for, and responding to oil spills that occur in and around inland waters of the United States. As a major industrial nation, the United States produces, distributes, and consumes large quantities of oil. Petroleum-based oil is used as a major power source to fuel our factories and various modes of transportation, and in many everday products, such as plastics, nylon, paints, tires, cosmetics, and detergents. On average, the U.S. uses over 250 billion gallons of oil and petroleum products each year. To meet this demand, each year the U.S. produces an average of 125 billion gallons of crude oil and imports an average of 114 billion gallons of crude oil and other petroleum products. At every point in the oil production, distribution, and consumption process, oil is invariably stored in storage tanks. With billions of gallons of oil being stored throughout the country, the potential for an oil spill is significant, and the effects of spilled oil can pose serious threats to the environment. In addition to petroleum-based oil, the U.S. consumes millions of gallons of non-petroleum oils, such as silicone and mineral-based oils, and animal and vegetable oils. Like petroleum products, these non-petroleum oils are often stored in storage tanks that have the potential to spill, causing environmental damages that are just as serious as those caused by petroleum-based oils. To address the potential environmental threat posed by petroleum and non-petroleum oils, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has established a program designed to prevent oil spills. The program has reduced the number of spills from the total volume handled each year. The program is also designed to prepare for and respond to any oil spill affecting the inland waters of the United States.

Internet-available-software Essay

I. Executive summary introduction  There is a great interest in internet-available-software that provides alternative for high-cost software available in the market. Prospective purchasers all over the world find themselves in a situation wherein they have to choose between quality and cost. Th Premium6366 Words26 Pages Review of Related Literature and Studies CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Studies rely on information researched by the proponents. Review of Related Literature In exploration, we find new techniques, new knowledge, even develop new substances, gadgets, equipment, processes or procedures, imagination and skill is em Premium1418 Words6 Pages A Proposed Computerized Payroll System Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Introduction As computer technology changes at such fast phase, many businesses sectors try to cope up by upgrading computer system constantly in order to stay competitive. 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One of the most typical information systems is the Transaction Pro Premium2286 Words10 Pages Generic Employee Attendance Monitoring and Payroll System Using Sensor CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Considered as one of the vital factors in any working environment, is tracking the working hours of employees for their payroll. Tracking the working hours is a prime necessity for computing wages. The record keeping tracks of some companies wer Premium624 Words3 Pages Payroll System Colegio de San Juan de Letran – Calamba Calamba City Computerized Payroll System Camacho, Juliet C. Cartaà ±o. Merriane Vi S. Valdez, Charmaine A. A Thesis Proposal Submitted to Ms. Precious A. Daytia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in ENG 113 Scientific Paper Writing Fo Premium7003 Words29 Pages Payroll System Foreign Literature From Mr. Junald Astronomo Lagod Any small business owner can tell you that paying employees involves a lot more than writing a check every two weeks. There are dozens of laws governing employee compensation. If you don’t want to run afoul of various government agencies, you ha Premium438 Words2 Pages Automated Payroll System Automated Payroll System Chapter 1-Introduction 1.Background of the Study â€Å"Kainan ni Aling Cadiang† was started on November 1997, before it was a canteen where in they have four stall located at Farmers Market Araneta Cubao Q.C.In 2004, the place was renovated by the Farmers Market Manag Premium1802 Words8 Pages Payroll System Design Payroll system design System Feasibility Study April 16, 2010, 8:54 am | | In the field of computer and technology, there always an option to automate things likes payroll system, inventory system, lighting system, and sales system. But of course, before the automation of any system, a Premium4841 Words20 Pages Payroll System Diamond Discovery Payroll Systems Operations and Procedures Manual Contents Registration________________________________________________ ______ 4 Entering an Upgrade PIN_____________________________________________________ 5 Closing the Software for the First Time ____________________________ Premium23658 Words95 Pages Payroll System Documentation INTRODUCTION Information Technology is the study, design, development, implementation and support management of information system. It helps to produce, manipulate, store, communicate and/ or disseminate information. We used the term information technology or IT to refer to an entire industry. I Premium2951 Words12 Pages Related Literature CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE The purpose of this study was to develop a conceptual model that describes the relationship between personal financial wellness and employee job productivity and test a part of the model. This chapter presents the review of related research of the components Premium10839 Words44 Pages The Biometric Attendance Recording and Payroll System CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Statement of the problem In any company, it is very important to monitor the employee’s attendance or time for accurate payroll and discipline. Some companies and schools are using manual punch card to record the employee’s attendance wh Premium1299 Words6 Pages Computerized Payroll System Proposed Computerized Payroll System For City Mayor’s Market Administration Office IT-303 Group no. 6 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Nowadays, business establishment or corporation must use modern technologies to make their tasks easier and faster, technologies that w

What to Do If You Lose a Scholarship

What to Do If You Lose a Scholarship Although you might have imagined it differently, college life tends to have some rather dramatic ups and downs. Sometimes things go great; sometimes they dont. When you have major, unexpected financial changes during your time in school, for example, the rest of your college experience can be affected. Losing part of your financial aid can, in fact, be a bit of a crisis. Knowing what to do if you lose a scholarship and enacting a plan of action can be critical in making sure that a bad situation doesnt turn into a devastating one. Step 1: Make Sure You Lost It for Legitimate Reasons If your scholarship depending on your being a biology major but youve decided to switch to English, losing your scholarship is probably justified. Not all situations are so clear-cut, however. If your scholarship is contingent on your maintaining a certain GPA, and you believe you have maintained that GPA, make sure that everyone has accurate information before you panic. The people awarding your scholarship may not have received the paperwork they needed in time or your transcript could have an error in it. Losing a scholarship is a big deal. Before you start putting the effort in to remedy your situation, make sure youre really in the situation you think are. Step 2: Figure out How Much Money You No Longer Have Access To You may not be completely clear on how much your scholarship was worth. Say you have a $500 scholarship from a non-profit back in your hometown. Is that $500/year? A semester? A quarter? Get the details on what youve lost so that you can know just how much youll need to replace. Step 3: Make Sure Your Other Monies Aren't Also in Jeopardy If youve lost eligibility for one scholarship because of your academic performance or because youre on disciplinary probation, your other scholarships might be in jeopardy, too. It cant hurt to make sure that the rest of your financial aid is secure, especially before talking to someone in the financial aid office (see the next step). You dont want to have to keep going in for appointments every time you realize something you should have known about already. If youve changed majors, had a bad academic performance, or otherwise had something happen (or have done something) that can negatively affect your financial aid and scholarships, make sure youre clear on the entire picture. Step 4: Make an Appointment With the Financial Aid Office You wont have a clear picture of how losing your scholarship has an impact on your financial aid package unless you meet with a financial aid staff member and go over the details. Its okay to not know what will happen during the meeting, but you should be prepared to know why you lost the scholarship, how much it was worth, and how much youll need to replace it. Your financial aid officer can help you identify additional resources as well as possibly revise your overall package. Be ready to explain why you are no longer eligible for the scholarship money and what you plan on doing to try to make the deficit up. And be open to any and all suggestions the financial aid staff has for helping you make that happen. Step Five: Hustle Although it can happen, its unlikely that the money will magically be fully replaced by your financial aid office which means that its up to you to find other sources. Ask your financial aid office about scholarship resources they recommend, and get to work. Look online; look in your hometown community; look on campus; look in your religious, political, and other communities; look anywhere you need to. Although it seems like a lot of work to find a replacement scholarship, whatever effort you put forth now will definitely be less work than it will take for you to drop out of college and try to return at a later date. Prioritize yourself and your education. Put your smart brain to work and do everything and anything you need to in an effort to invest in yourself and your degree. Will it be hard? Yes. But it and you are worth it.

Free Essays on The Heiress

The Heiress "The Heiress" written by Ruth and Augustus Goetz displays many examples of Aristotle’s six elements. Poetics outlines the six elements which are: plot, characters, thought, diction, music (or sound), and spectacle, all of which were present in this play. "The Heiress" is a play about a young woman living in New York with her father. One day she gets a â€Å"gentlemen caller† who, after two weeks time, ends up asking her to marry him. The young woman, named Catherine Sloper, is set to inherit an unordinary amount of money after her father passes away. The father, Dr. Austin Slope, is immediately suspicious of the gentleman caller, Morris Townsend. Dr. Sloper thinks, because of the short period and Morris Townsend’s lack of money that Townsend may not want to marry Catherine for love. As it turns out, Dr. Sloper is right, Catherine gets her heart broken and the dad dies. The theme of the play seemed to be one of coming of age. Catherine Sloper was extremely naà ¯ve and not a â€Å"people person† in the least during the beginning of the play. By the end she is cold and in charge, not afraid to be thought down upon. The acting and lines were very good, especially for a small theater, with the exception of Tim Murphy, (Dr. Sloper) who dropped quite a few lines over the course of the play. The sound effects were subtle and not overdone. The Heiress had amazing costumes and the props worked well. Overall, I thought Judy Madden, the director, did a great job with the cast and play. The play was done well for such a small theater on a tight budget. "The Heiress" was enjoyable and I would recommend it to any that ask.... Free Essays on The Heiress Free Essays on The Heiress The Heiress "The Heiress" written by Ruth and Augustus Goetz displays many examples of Aristotle’s six elements. Poetics outlines the six elements which are: plot, characters, thought, diction, music (or sound), and spectacle, all of which were present in this play. "The Heiress" is a play about a young woman living in New York with her father. One day she gets a â€Å"gentlemen caller† who, after two weeks time, ends up asking her to marry him. The young woman, named Catherine Sloper, is set to inherit an unordinary amount of money after her father passes away. The father, Dr. Austin Slope, is immediately suspicious of the gentleman caller, Morris Townsend. Dr. Sloper thinks, because of the short period and Morris Townsend’s lack of money that Townsend may not want to marry Catherine for love. As it turns out, Dr. Sloper is right, Catherine gets her heart broken and the dad dies. The theme of the play seemed to be one of coming of age. Catherine Sloper was extremely naà ¯ve and not a â€Å"people person† in the least during the beginning of the play. By the end she is cold and in charge, not afraid to be thought down upon. The acting and lines were very good, especially for a small theater, with the exception of Tim Murphy, (Dr. Sloper) who dropped quite a few lines over the course of the play. The sound effects were subtle and not overdone. The Heiress had amazing costumes and the props worked well. Overall, I thought Judy Madden, the director, did a great job with the cast and play. The play was done well for such a small theater on a tight budget. "The Heiress" was enjoyable and I would recommend it to any that ask....

Are Economic Sanctions A Humane Alternative To War or Are They Simply Essay

Are Economic Sanctions A Humane Alternative To War or Are They Simply a Tool of Coercion - Essay Example Some sanctions, such as that placed upon South Africa during the 1980's, have proven very successful; others, for example the one waged upon Cuba by the United States, have proved to be singularly unproductive and even harmful to the sanctioning nation. In between these poles are examples such as that of Iraq, where various kinds of sanctions were tried over the years before war finally ended the impasse. These three examples are also interesting because each represents a different kind of sanctioning body. International, unilateral, and consumer bodies were involved in Iraq, Cuba and South Africa respectively. As well as considering the role each group plays in creating and developing the sanctions, it is also necessary to consider whether economic sanctions actually prevent military action, whether they help or hinder regime change, and whether there are any better alternatives to the current system of economic sanctions, with specific reference to 'Smart' or targeted sanctions. Wikipedia also notes that: "Economic sanctions are frequently retaliatory in nature". Some consider that there are three general policy objectives which make the application of economic sanctions useful. The national security objectives also can be applied to international security, such as that enforced by the UN. Clearly, the first two categories are the most well known, but nations may impose sanctions for economic situations, sometimes in connection with the WTO. The question of who approves and enforces these sanctions also makes a considerable difference when examining the impact of sanctions upon all of the countries involved, and why, is also relevant. Countries usually apply economic sanctions as a diplomatic measure between condemning a certain regime and taking military action: It has become almost a diplomatic necessity to level sanctions prior to military intervention to show that all other options have been exhausted. (Slate.com) It is therefore clear that some economic sanctions are put in place as an appeasement measure to other countries before invasion takes place. Economic sanctions are popular because they offer what appears to be a proportional response to challenges in which the interests at stake are less than vitalthey thus satisfy a domestic political need to do something and reinforce a commitment. (Haass) There is no unanimous opinion on why sanctions are a valid way of controlling another country's government. While the late Pope was firmly opposed to the use of sanctions, the National Conference of Catholic Bishops considered sanctions to be a "Non-military alternative to the terrible options of war or indifference" (usaengage). Whether

Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Research Paper - Essay Example The research supports conformity because it promotes this imitation of behavior of people who have better and more valid sources of information. Research ensures this conformity by bringing about informational social influence (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert). This type of influence motivates common public to put trust in the way more learned people interpret confusing or ambiguous situations. Conformity is supported when people believe that this other version of interpretation is more reliable than their individual versions. This sort of conformity helps people see the right way amidst much darkness and go for the right course of action. Researchers are known for passing on more efficient and innovative behaviors to the rest of the world by using the tool of informational social influence. This suggests that particular groups in society have the power to design behavioral conventions on basis of evidence-based knowledge which are not yet witnessed in other groups. These particular group s then pass on their conventions to other groups and make them conform to them. People who do not show interest in conforming to new ideals have to try harder to gain social acceptance than people who demonstrate the tendency to conform (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert). This means that research or experimentally induced innovations lead to change things via conformity in people. People conform to be socially accepted. Comparing Turkey and America side by side in context of conformity reveals that on a general basis, people in Turkey show more willingness to engage in conforming behavior than Americans. They think less of themselves as individual beings and strive to align themselves with others or social norms. There is not as much freedom to be seen in Turkey as in America because less people go for the option of living by personal philosophies. Rather, a majority of population considers it safe to conform. This is because of two factors.